The Portuguese Concelhos and Forais . A Case in Institutional History from the eleventh to the mid thirteenth century By Rui

Since the eleventh century, the establishment of municipal in stitutions (Concelhos) in Portugal followed the process of creation of the country itself. Military reasons were present in this association because of the constant state of war with bordering Islam. The Concelhos helped to secure the conquests through the settlement of population. However we find this is only a partial description of the incentives that led kings, the church and the nobility to promote the Concelhos by granting them charters of municipal rights (Forais). We argue that the municipalities also helped to solve a problem of commitment to the protection of property rights before the establishment of an efficient state administration. Starting in the mid thirteenth century, the rise of a strong and unified royal administration, capable of enforcing a unified rule of law, substituted for the early need of autonomous local enforcement institutions. * CEMPRE Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto and University of California, Berkeley.